We hear AI term more and more these days, but it’s easy to misunderstand it just following the mass media hype. It has nothing to do with conscious machines – no one knows how to build one of those yet.
What is AI?
AI is the simulation of human intelligence processes by computer systems. Such simulation includes:
- Reasoning – using rules to reach solid or approximate conclusions
- Learning – acquiring information and rules for using information
- Self-correction
Expert systems, speech recognition and machine vision, in particular, have been early and prominent beneficiaries of AI.
AI is typically described as being either weak or strong. Weak (or narrow) AI refers to a system that’s been built to focus on one task alone. A virtual assistant like Alexa is one type of weak AI. Strong AI, also referred to as artificial general intelligence, tries to generally mimic human cognitive abilities. So, if you give it a task that hasn’t seen before, a strong AI system can work its way through it without needing any further human assistance.
Paying for the people you need to run AI and the hardware itself can cost a lot, so companies are now offering Artificial Intelligence as a Service ( AIaaS ) platforms. AI as a Service is appealing from a cost point of view because it lets businesses audition different operators and discover whether AI is worth it for them, for less than if they had to commit fully.
Services like IBM Watson Assistant, Amazon AI services, Microsoft Cognitive Services and Google AI services have all found favour in this growing sector. Many companies have been quick to seize on the business potential of using autonomous systems to aid their processes, but this new frontier brings some ethical questions with it. Many of the most advanced AI tools use deep learning algorithms which analyse existing data. Unfortunately, they can only be as clever (or moral) as the information that they are given. AI systems used in American healthcare to help manage treatment were found to systematically discriminate against black people, and there are many other examples besides.
Some of the top minds in the industry think that artificial intelligence might be the wrong term to use for this particular technology. It’s hard to dispel the image of created by numerous science fiction stories of rogue robots turning on their masters or stealing everyone’s jobs, and along with these unfounded fears it’s also difficult to separate the term from unrealistic expectations. AI systems aren’t alive and they don’t have feelings, so perhaps a term like ‘augmented intelligence’, which sounds more neutral, might be better at helping people to accept and understand these tools.
Types of Artificial Intelligence
Arend Hintze is an assistant professor of integrative biology and computer science and engineering at Michigan State University. He divides AI into four categories:
Reactive Machines
The chess computer Deep Blue (which beat Garry Kasparov in the 1990s) Deep Blue understands the game and can make predictions, although it doesn’t have any memory and can’t make predictions based on past experiences. It simply works out all the possible moves that are available to itself and its opponent and selects the one that is most strategically beneficial. Deep Blue and Google’s AlphaGO were both built to fulfil these tasks alone, so you can’t expect them to suggest your workout playlist or the movies you might like on Netflix.
Restricted Memory
These AI systems are able to use previous experiences to inform their decisions, which is why you’ll find some of these decision-making functions in self-driving cars. They can use what they see to inform future actions, like when a car might be about to change lanes. These observations are only held temporarily.
Theory of Mind
This term from psychology refers to the acknowledgement that others have their own beliefs, wants and goals that influence their decisions. This type of AI doesn’t exist yet.
Self-awareness
This kind of machine can say “Cogito ergo sum” (“I think, therefore I am”) and mean it. There are no self-aware machines (that we know of!) as yet.
Examples of AI Technology
Here are seven examples of where AI has been incorporated into various types of technology.
Automation
Robotic process automation (RPA) is ideal for automating repeatable tasks. It can do it with more intelligence than IT automation can manage, adapting to changing circumstances without the need for further human intervention.
Machine Learning
This is the science of having a computer act without anyone needing to program it. Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that, in crude terms, can be described as the automation of predictive analytics. There are three kinds of machine learning algorithms:
- Supervised learning: where data sets are labeled so that patterns can be detected and used to label new data sets
- Unsupervised learning: data sets aren’t labeled and are arranged according to their similarities or differences
- Reinforcement learning: data sets aren’t labelled, but after an action or a number of actions have been performed, the AI system gets feedback
Machine Vision
A camera gives visual information to the computer, which analyses it using sophisticated algorithms. It can see far beyond the range of human sight and can be used for anything from identifying signatures to analysing medical images. Computer vision, which focuses on image processing, is a term that is often used interchangeably with machine vision, although they are distinct areas.
Natural language processing (NLP)
NLP is using human computers to understand language. The best-known use for NLP is probably spam detection. It looks at email text using a machine learning approach and makes a good job of deciding whether it’s spam. NLP tasks include translating text, analysis of sentiment and recognising speech.
Robotics
Robots are most often used for repetitive tasks that are too difficult or dangerous for humans to perform either well enough or consistently enough. Many robots are used on car assembly lines, performing assembly tasks that include very precise welding. There are also efforts being made to build robots that can interact socially.
Self-driving cars
Self-driving cars combine computer vision, image recognition and deep learning to react to other traffic, keep the car in its lane, avoid collisions and so on.
AI Applications
There are six areas where artificial intelligence has found use:
Healthcare
Companies are hoping to improve patient care and cut costs by using machine learning to diagnose illnesses more accurately and more quickly than humans can. IBM Watson is one of the best-known examples of this technology. It understands language well enough to answer questions. It trawls through patient data and other sources to generate a hypothesis and will give a score to indicate how confident it is with its conclusion.
Other AI Applications Include Chatbots
They can simulate a human assistant and can help with making follow-up appointments or helping patients through the billing process, along with more general healthcare advice.
Business
Robotic process automation helps speed up repetitive tasks that people normally perform, and machine learning algorithms can analyse the interactions in CRM platforms to find better ways of serving customers. Chatbots can speed up customer service for some tasks that don’t require human assistance and there is speculation that in the future some jobs could be replaced by AI.
Education
AI can grade work and free up educators to get on with teaching. It can assess students and adapt to their needs so that they can work at their own pace. AI tutors can give extra student support, leading to more consistent progress. AI is changing how students learn and may even replace teachers in some areas.
Finance
AI applications like Mint or TurboTax take personal data and use it to offer financial advice and assistance. Programs like IBM Watson have even assisted with home buying, and AI has long been used to assist with Wall Street trading.
Law
The discovery process involves poring over piles of documents; so many that it can easily become overwhelming for the people doing it, which makes it a process that is ripe for automation. Start-ups have been creating question-and-answer computer assistants that can sift through programmed-to-answer questions by examining the taxonomy and ontology associated with a database.
Manufacturing
Industrial robots have been around for a long time, helping to manufacture cars since the 1950s, and they’ve grown more sophisticated as technology has advanced.
Web Hosting
In the present time custom AI solutions can handle:
- scaling and predicting traffic spikes to ensure smooth user experience
- managing workloads and ensuring uptime
- adjusting automatically dedicated resources as memory, CPU and I/O to improve server performance
- protecting the servers from brute-force attacks
Ethics and Security Concerns
Self-driving cars have pushed AI usage into the news. How ethical is it to allow such a potentially dangerous device as a car to drive itself, when it could be hacked and used to deliberately harm people? And who bears for the responsibility when it’s involved in an accident? What if the AI cannot avoid harming others while thinking it’s making the best decision?
Deep learning has found its way into the news as well, as it’s been used to generate deepfakes. These videos are realistic fabrications that show people saying and doing things that have never happened. At the very least, repressive regimes could use this technology to discredit people who they wish to suppress.
Regulating AI Technology
Even though AI presents so many potential risks, its speed of progression has outstripped the abilities of legislators to match it with appropriate safeguards.
Laws do exist but they tend to be quite specific, as in the case of federal Fair Lending regulations. These require financial institutions to explain credit decisions to would-be customers, which limits how much lenders can rely on deep learning algorithms to inform their decisions because they are opaque by their nature. Europe’s GDPR puts strict limits on how enterprises can use consumer data, which holds back the training and functionality of many consumer-facing AI applications.
with
2 Comments
This is an interesting and thoughtful piece. However, I want some practical knowhow – such as how I can begin to use a Centos 7 Plesk server to build a machine learning solution. e.g. How can I get Python safely installed to analyse data pulled from a database/user interactions on a website served by a Plesk server. I note Apache nolonger supports mod_python. What alternative approaches might exist? Is a Plesk server incompatible with this aim, etc.. Many thanks for your thoughts.
Hi Mark,
Thanks so much for your suggestions – we’re going to work on publishing some articles related to these topics in the near future 🙂